We have been discussing Sahms’ law for the last few weeks. This is the regression indicator that signals the possibility of recession. For those that can’t remember, Sahms’ recession indicator is when the three-month moving average of the unemployment rate has risen by more than 0.5 per cent from the previous 12 month low. Every time this has happened since 1950 the US has entered a recession.

Which brings us to last Friday’s non-farm payroll (NFP). NFP August jobs report revealed that total nonfarm payrolls grew by just 142,000, while private sector job growth amounted to a meagre 118,000. That is the lowest read since COVID and both figures fell well short of consensus expectations. 

Even more concerning, revisions to June and July payrolls subtracted a combined 86,000 jobs, further underscoring the weakness in the labour market. That is on top of the 816,000 downward revisions of the January through May figures which saw the NFP overestimating the monthly employment figures by 69,000.

The next piece of the puzzle – a piece that backs the Sahms’ law puzzle is the three-month average for private sector job growth has now fallen below 100,000 per month, a pace that typically signals the onset of a recession..

However some are pointing to the fact that the unemployment rate ticked down slightly from 4.3 per cent to 4.2 per cent in August as a mixed signal and that maybe things aren’t as bad as the headlines. However this modest improvement was largely due to rounding, as the unrounded rate was effectively unchanged (4.22 per cent in August vs. 4.25 per cent in July). This followed an earlier increase in unemployment, which had been trending higher over the past few months. 

The rise in the unemployment rate, combined with slowing job growth, indicates that the labour market is likely to weaken further unless the Fed moves to ease policy – which is why we are asking – has the Fed dropped the ball by not moving already?

Let’s explore that further

Data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) shows that firms are hiring at the slowest rate in a decade, outside of the pandemic period. Job openings fell to 7.673 million in July, which was significantly faster than expected and brought the ratio of job openings to unemployed persons to 1.07-to-1, down from the elevated levels seen during the pandemic. This decline in job openings suggests that the labour market is normalising, but it also raises the risk of a sharper increase in unemployment in the coming months as the ratio inverts. 

It’s not only the multitude of employment indicators flashing risk. Other indicators reinforce the case for concern. Take the auto sales numbers, which fell below expectations, with an annualised sales rate of 15.1 million vehicles, suggesting there is now a slowdown in consumer spending. 

The decline in auto sales historically spreads to weaker production and employment in the auto industry, as companies adjust staffing levels in response to reduced demand. 

Meanwhile, mortgage applications for new home purchases remain subdued despite a drop in mortgage rates over the last four months on rate cut expectations. The lacklustre performance in both the auto and housing markets adds to the broader picture of economic weakness.

The signs are pretty clear- the slowdown is on and as the Fed weighs its options ahead of the September meeting – the final piece of the puzzle is coming inflation. 

It must be said that inflation remains a key focus. Core Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation is expected to rise by just 0.2 per cent month-on-month in August, reinforcing the view that inflation has slowed considerably, but year on year CPI is still above the Fed 2 per cent target.

Inflationary pressures are easing and the greater risk to the Fed’s mandate appears to be the labour market rather than inflation, but it could be the moderator on those calls for the Fed to go hard when it starts cutting. We need to watch categories like medical services and airfares as these are ones we need to see bigger falls in the rates of price growth and could influence the Fed’s decision-making. But again, the overall trend suggests inflation is no longer the primary concern. 

Similarly, the Producer Price Index (PPI) is expected to show a modest increase of 0.2% month-over-month, further indicating that inflationary pressures are tapering off.

Jobless claims data will also be closely watched in the coming weeks. Continuing claims are expected to rebound after an unexpected drop, driven in part by a temporary decline in claims in Puerto Rico. Any significant rise in jobless claims, particularly initial claims, could signal a shift towards more active layoffs.

Can they catch the ball?

All the data mentioned highlight our concerns about the trajectory of the U.S. economy. There are clear signs of a substantial slowdown and growing risk of recession. 

Thus the question now is can the Fed catch slowdown before it turns into a recession? The answer is muddled as the Federal Reserve’s response to the weakening outlook remains uncertain. The base case is for the Fed to initiate a series of rate cuts in the coming months. Currently, projections indicate that the Fed may cut rates by 50 basis points (bp) in September followed by a smaller 25 bp cuts over the proceeding meetings. However, the pace and magnitude of these cuts remain open to adjustment, depending on the evolving economic conditions.

While this is the view of the market, the Fed is not as united as this – for example: Federal Reserve Governor Christopher Waller has expressed a more measured approach. In his September 6, 2024 speech, Waller emphasised that he prefers to see more data before endorsing larger rate cuts of 50 bp rather than the more conservative 25 bp. 

He signalled that the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) needs to remain flexible and should adjust its actions based on new data rather than adhering to preconceived timelines for rate cuts. The issue with this view is that data is retrospective and by the time it’s presented it would be too late to catch the slowdown. 

He expressed willingness to support larger cuts if the data shows further deterioration, drawing parallels to his previous support for front-loading rate hikes when inflation surged in 2022. But again – the argument against this stance is it could be too little too late.

Waller’s remarks suggest that the Fed could adopt a cautious approach in September, potentially starting with a 25 bp cut but leaving room for larger cuts if economic data continues to weaken at either the November or December meeting.

So could the Fed drop the ball? We think the word to use here is “fumble”. There are clear signs of disagreements around, size, speed and effects of cuts, which may cause them to fumble the response in the interim, over the medium term it will align, whether they catch or drop the ball – time will tell. 

In short – we are in for a volatile period in FX, already the USD has been falling on rate fundamentals, but rallies on recession fears. The drive to safe havens over risk plays will be a strong theme in the coming period and will likely override any interest rate differential trade plays that present. It is going to be an interesting period culminating in the US election in November, thus be ready to be nimble and accept swings that seem to go against traditional trading theories.

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